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Cluj-Napoca, the seat of Cluj county, is one of the most important academic, cultural and industrial centers in Romania. The city is located in northwestern Romania, and is approximately 480 km northwest of Bucharest in the Someşul Mic valley. The city was

known until 1974 as Cluj, when the name was changed to its current form.

Settlement at Cluj-Napoca reaches as far back as prehistoric times. After the Roman Empire conquered Dacia in the beginning of the 2nd century, Trajan established a legion base known as Napoca. Hadrian raised Napoca to the status of a municipium, naming it Municipium Aelium Hadrianum Napoca. The locality was later raised to the status of a colonia, probably during the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Napoca became a provincial capital of Provincia Porolissensis and the seat of a procurator. However, during the Migrations Period Napoca was overrun and destroyed.

King Stephen V of Hungary encouraged the Transylvanian Saxons to colonize near the Roman city of Napoca in 1272. Their settlement received the German name Klausenburg, from the old word Klause meaning "mountain pass." It has been suggested that the Romanian name Cluj may be derived from Klause as well, or from the Latin name Castrum clus, the name by which the city first appeared in written documents, around 1170 (clusum (Lat.) = "closed", referring to the city being surrounded by hills). The city of Cluj / Klausenburg was also known as Kolozsvár by the Magyars who lived there.

In 1270 Cluj was given urban privileges by Stephen V and began to grow quickly: the Saint Michael Church was built under King Sigismund. Cluj became a free city in 1405. By this time the number of Saxon and Hungarian inhabitants was equal, and King Matthias Corvinus (born in Cluj in 1440) ordered that the chief judge should be Hungarian and Saxon in turn.

In 1541 Cluj became part of the Principality of Transylvania. Although Alba Iulia was the political capital for the princes of Transylvania, Cluj was the main cultural and religious center for the principality. Stephen Bathory founded a Jesuit academy in Cluj in 1581. Between 1545 and 1570 large numbers of Saxons left the city due to the introduction of Unitarian doctrines, while Hungary's wars with Ottoman Empire further reduced the German population. They were largely replaced with Magyars, and the city became a center for Hungarian nobility and intellectuals.

The first Hungarian newspaper appeared in Cluj in 1791, and the first Hungarian theatrical company was established in 1792. In 1798 the city was heavily damaged by a fire.

From 1790-1848 and 1861-1867, Cluj was the capital of the Grand Principality of Transylvania and the seat of the Transylvanian diets. Beginning in 1830, the city became the centre of the Hungarian national movement in the principality. During the Revolutions of 1848, Cluj was taken and garrisoned in December by Hungarians under the command of the Polish general Józef Bem.

After the Ausgleich (compromise) which created Austria-Hungary in 1867, Cluj and Transylvania were integrated into the Kingdom of Hungary. During this time Cluj was the second-largest city in the kingdom behind Budapest, and was the seat of Kolozs county.

Bariţiu StreetAfter the First World War Cluj became part of the Kingdom of Romania, along with the rest of Transylvania. In 1940 Cluj was awarded to Hungary through the Second Vienna Award, but Hungarian forces in the city were defeated by the Romanian and Soviet armies in October 1944. Cluj was restored to Romania by the Treaty of Paris in 1947.

Cluj had 16,763 Jews in 1941. The Cluj Jews were ghettoized in 1944 under conditions of intense overcrowding and practically no facilities. Liquidation of the ghetto occurred through six deportations to Auschwitz between May and June 1944. Hungarians remained the majority of the population until the 1950s. According to the 1966 Census, of 185,663 Cluj inhabitants, 56% were Romanians and 41% Hungarians. Until 1974 the official Romanian name of the city was Cluj. It was renamed to Cluj-Napoca by the Communist government to recognize it as the site of the Roman colony Napoca. Some believe that this was done to slight the Hungarian community by suggesting that the ethnic Romanian community is descended from the Dacians colonized by the Romans–a controversial issue (see Origin of Romanians).

Soon after the democratic revolution in 1989 came the twelve-year mayorship of right-wing politician Gheorghe Funar. His tenure was marked by rising anti-Hungarian sentiment, and a number of public art projects were undertaken by the city with the aim of obscuring its Hungarian heritage. In June 2004 Gheorghe Funar was voted out of office, coming in third in the first round of voting. He was replaced by Emil Boc of the Democratic Party, who began working with Hungarians to restore good ethnic relations in the city.

In 1994 and in 2000, Cluj-Napoca hosted the Central European Olympiad in Informatics (CEOI). It thus made Romania not only the first country to have hosted the CEOI, but also the first country to have hosted it a second time.

The city is known in Hasidic Jewish history for the founding of the Sanz-Klausenburg dynasty.